A taxonomy of (mathematics) educational opportunity

Mathematics education research and policy makers lament differences in outcomes related to race and class, treating so called “failures” as obstacles to be eliminated, rather than the outcomes for which it is designed. That is, mathematics education serves an important economic function in society: social selection and economic stratification. Following literature that foregrounds the economic dimension of schools, this analysis offers an examination of how inequalities are created and reinforced through a taxonomy of mathematics educational opportunity. More specifically, it addresses two questions: 1) What are the opportunities that contribute to the creation and reinforcement of social inequality in rural schooling? and 2) In what ways are those opportunities hoarded or leveraged to accomplish stratification? Through an ethnography of a rural, public elementary school in the United States, five opportunities emerged: learning, credentialing, positioning, relating, and networking. The paper offers a conceptualization of each of the types grounded in mathematics education literature and describes how those opportunities were distributed. I suggest that mathematics education’s focus on learning opportunities, while important, fails to account for other dimensions of equity in schools. These other, often invisible, opportunities and the mechanisms by which they are distributed are likely a source of significant inequity.